Examining the ramifications of emerging technologies on human rights access to citizens in South Africa

By: Lizzy Ofusori

Emerging technologies present a significant opportunity to promote human rights advancement in South Africa. However, navigating this evolving landscape demands a proactive strategy that protects human rights and fosters fair access to technology. In an era defined by the relentless progression of technology, the intersection of emerging technologies and human rights has become a pivotal focal point. This technological progression has propelled humanity into an era marked by unparalleled innovation and interconnectedness. Emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence, blockchain and biotechnology, have penetrated every aspect of our existence, reshaping societies, economies, and the fundamental dynamics of human interaction. According to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), new technologies have contributed to human progress by enabling countless people to access the internet. With this transformative landscape, the intersection of these technologies and human rights principles has emerged as a pivotal focal point of global concern. In South Africa, for example, there is generally a higher rate of internet access. However, the significant shortcomings in infrastructure provision can be attributed to the historical legacy of apartheid. These infrastructure deficits undermine access to the internet and associated technologies essential for exercising digital rights. For instance, in the educational sector, the disparities that existed under apartheid, where white-owned and predominantly middle-class schools received better resources, have led to infrastructure deficiencies that are still evident in public schools today. Hence, it is essential to examine the various aspects of technology adoption and its impact on fundamental human rights, particularly in South Africa.

Impact of emerging technologies on human right access

The following section briefly discusses the implications of emerging technologies on human rights access in South Africa.

Internet Access and Digital Divide: While emerging technologies like 5G networks and satellite internet promise faster and more widespread connectivity, South Africa, like many other countries, faces challenges in bridging the digital divide. According to the Center for Human Rights (University of Pretoria), “It is well-documented that the digital divide is also significant along class and economic lines, owing to disproportionate levels of development between urban, peri-urban, and rural areas”. Rural and marginalized communities often lack reliable internet infrastructure, limiting their ability to exercise their rights online. Bridging this gap is essential to ensure equal access to information and opportunities for all citizens.

Freedom of Expression and Online Censorship: The freedom of expression is a fundamental element of any democratic society. Social media platforms and digital communication tools play a significant role in facilitating freedom of expression. However, there are concerns about censorship and online surveillance by both state and non-state actors. Emerging technologies such as AI-driven content moderation algorithms raise questions about the balance between preventing hate speech and preserving free speech rights. In South Africa, protection against hate speech is established through the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, 2000 (the Equality Act). The Act provides avenues for civil and criminal recourse against hate speech and other forms of harmful speech, whether offline or online. Also, the censorship could be through internet shutdowns and network disruptions, especially during elections and periods of civil unrest. However, deliberate disruptions to internet access and social media impede various rights, such as freedom of expression, access to information, protest rights, press freedom, electoral freedoms, personal freedom and security, and religious freedoms.

Privacy and Data Protection: The proliferation of technologies such as biometric identification, facial recognition, surveillance technologies and digital tracking tools raise concerns about privacy rights. South Africa has implemented data protection laws like the Protection of Personal Information Act (POPIA), but the enforcement and effectiveness of these regulations in the face of technological advancements remain critical issues.

Access to Healthcare: Emerging technologies such as telemedicine and health-related technologies offer opportunities to improve healthcare access, particularly in remote areas. However, concerns about data privacy, informed consent, and disparities in access to healthcare services need to be addressed to ensure that emerging technologies benefit all citizens equally.

Education and Skills Development: Emerging technologies such as AI, virtual reality (VR), and augmented reality (AR) can revolutionize education and skills development. Promoting digital literacy and skills development is essential to empower citizens to harness emerging technologies’ benefits effectively. Education and training programs should focus on equipping individuals with the knowledge and skills needed to navigate the digital landscape safely and responsibly.

Economic Rights and Employment: Automation and artificial intelligence have the potential to transform industries and create new job opportunities. However, there are concerns about job displacement and the need for upskilling and reskilling the workforce to adapt to the changing labour market. Ensuring equitable access to education and training programs safeguards citizens’ economic rights.

Environmental Rights and Sustainable Development: Emerging technologies can contribute to sustainable development and environmental conservation efforts. For example, renewable energy technologies and smart grid systems can help reduce carbon emissions. However, there is a need to ensure that these technologies are deployed in a manner that respects the rights of indigenous communities and promotes environmental justice.

In conclusion, while emerging technologies can potentially enhance human rights access for citizens in South Africa, they also present challenges that must be addressed through proactive policy measures, public awareness campaigns, and stakeholder engagement. It’s essential to strike a balance between technological innovation and the protection of fundamental rights to ensure an inclusive and equitable digital future for all South Africans.

Dr. Lizzy Oluwatoyin Ofusori is an academician and a researcher. She writes in her capacity.